Britain has long restricted the great development of the war against the United States and weakened the United States, but once the China area was unified, the British decided that their influence in East Asia would be greatly squeezed out. As early as Zeng Guofan was still alive, they sent troops to help Zeng Guofan fight against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It has become a national policy to support the Qing court. Unfortunately, the Qing court itself failed to live up to expectations. On the one hand, Britain hoped to support the Qing court officials and enhance the national strength of the Qing court. On the other hand, the Qing court was trying to balance these officials’ restrictions. Whether the Qing court was lifeless or the Qing court was hopeless.
However, in this way, the Qing court Britain did not want to see being reunified, because after all, this is a trinity population country. Once it is managed by a modernized country, the growth of national strength is controlled by British law.
So Britain immediately admitted to the big negotiations that it had greatly damaged the Chinese legislation, and rashly intervening in the war would make the regional peace completely out of control. The big reply said that this was not a legal issue, but a matter of culture and barbarism. If the Japanese massacre was stopped, more Japanese civilians would be slaughtered. Is Britain willing to bear all the moral responsibilities?
If they dare to take responsibility for the Japanese massacre, they believe that all civilian casualties will be pushed to Britain, which will damage Britain’s honor. Britain refuses to take this responsibility, and firmly expresses its attitude that it is illegal to intervene in the war rashly, and at the same time, it puts pressure on Japan to restrain military discipline.
However, the big military action did not stop, and 100,000 troops soon launched an attack like Lushun. The navy was limited to defending the naval assault fortress. The big navy has already eaten too much, especially now that the fortress has been controlled by the Japanese army, it is impossible for the soldiers of fortune of the Qing army to give up their positions casually.
The military attack is quite hard. This is not a matter of combat effectiveness. Just after the American War, the military has trained a number of ace troops. The combat effectiveness is far better than that of the Japanese army’s weapons and equipment. The Mao Se 92 rifle is also far better than that of the Japanese gold hook single-shot rifle. The Japanese artillery is also absolutely superior. The army’s heavy artillery can bombard each other with Lushun fortress guns without falling into the wind
The construction of Lushun fortress is a scientific and reasonable design presided by Li Hongzhang. Theoretically speaking, it is difficult to be conquered here. The Japanese attack on it in the Russo-Japanese War showed this point. Although Russia was more stable at that time, Lushun is not an easy place to be conquered now.
More than 20,000 Japanese troops in ōyama Iwao captured this place in one day. If it is called, it is really difficult to explain. Without specific information, we will know that this place was almost handed over to the Japanese army by the Qing army.
A typical example is that Gong Zhaowen, the highest local civil servant, fled to Yantai by boat before the war.
The reason why Li Hongzhang pulled him out was not because of his ability, but because he was rich. Gong Zhaowen was born in Hefei, Anhui Province. Fu was a fellow villager of Li Hongzhang who joined Beiyang Manufacturing Bureau in 171, and was promoted by a supervisor, a magistrate and a Taoist. All of them donated officials for 19 years and were recommended by Li Hongzhang to run the Lushun dock project and the Lushun dock camp. This is a battlefield qualification. Just by paving the way with Li Hongzhang’s fellow villager, this kind of person climbed to a rich brother.
There is a saying that at that time, none of the Huai and Xiang troops guarding Lushun chose to flee from a civilian office, which is not credible. Local officials from high places were responsible for defending their land even if they knew that they would fail. In the era when the Manchu system did not collapse, such officials were suspicious and surrendered in large numbers in the early Qing Dynasty. Local officials in the Qing Dynasty did not dare to give up the city when the rebels attacked them, but fled in large numbers in the late Qing Dynasty.
Looking at the reason, Gong Zhaowen later found out that he was sentenced to a beheading penalty because of his bad influence after running away from the battlefield, but he was not executed until the Allied Forces entered Beijing. He was also detained without being beheaded and was released to his hometown to die during the Allied Forces period.
This is obviously a person with a deep background, and there is no doubt that his background is Li Hongzhang. Li Hongzhang is so eager to ensure that he is an official recommended by Li Hongzhang to build Lushun project. It is not difficult to guess where Li Hongzhang left his family 22 million silver after his death. Isn’t this the contribution of such people?
From people’s point of view, it is not wrong for Li Hongzhang to take the blame for the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, but others can’t escape the blame.
Gong Zhaosui ran to see the performance of the officers who stayed in Lushun. At that time, the officers who were in Lushun started to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, such as Zhang Guangqian, Huang Shilin, Jiang Guiti, Cheng Yunhe, Wei Rucheng, Zhao Huaiye, Xu Bangdao and other generals. These people looked down on Gong Zhaosui. The company commander Zhang Guangqian called the generals to elect a coach, and Jiang Guiti, the oldest qualified officer, took over as the coach. Jiang Guiti was illiterate and talented, and the armies sat back and watched each other.
This group of people elected an illiterate good guy who was still thinking for himself. Among them, Xu Bangdao was able to fight a general and stay in the main position. In less than half a day, he left without authorization on the pretext that the army was short of food. From Li Hongzhang to the elite of Huai Army, they all wanted to protect their own strength. In fact, if they could summon up courage or be selfish, Huai Army would not hand over this strong fortress to Nie Shicheng to defend Phoenix Ridge, for example, until the end of the war, he did not let the Japanese fight his position, and his army was not an elite.
If Li Hongzhang can put a general in Lushun who can keep the scene down, let alone a day, they are still making bronze cannons. They may not call for a year, but Liu Ming, a veteran of Huai Army, and others are not here. I heard that he was seriously ill, and Liu Jintang, a veteran of Xiang Army, also died this year. It will be a big problem, but if Li Hongzhang can strictly control the whole Qing Dynasty, he can still find a big shot. Let alone send a senior civilian to Lushun, I am afraid it is much better than sending these military commanders to shirk each other. For example, it is better to send a Ministry of War
The responsibility for the improper command of the general direction mountain should be borne by the Manchu court or the emperor
However, there is a puzzle in the battle of Lushun, that is, why did the Japanese army commit a massacre in Lushun?
It is nonsense to say that the difficulty of the war angered the Japanese army. Compared with the later Russo-Japanese War, there was almost no fighting in Lushun War.
There is also a saying that the Japanese army did not want to see resistance in order to shock the Manchu dynasty to follow the Mongolian policy, or they had a great time in Korea and easily advanced all the way to Lushun, so they were not satisfied with a little resistance.
According to historical data, Yasunari Dasi, chief of staff of the First Division of Lushun, was the first Japanese to enter Lushun. After the head of the division, Genji Yamamoto, agreed, the Japanese army launched a massacre in Lushun, killing more than 20,000 people in Lushun.
This is still whether the officers acted on their own. Ito Bowen and others did not whitewash Ito Bowen, but this kind of show. Japanese politicians will not take this war because of their international moral disadvantage. Chinese and Japanese politicians have been trying to make Japan play the role of a civilized country. They have allowed a large number of European and American journalists to interview with the army. Westerners have seen that Japan has built a reasonable field hospital not only to treat the wounded in Japan, but also to treat the injured people in the Qing army, while the Qing army robbed its own people and killed Japanese prisoners. Many reporters filmed it. In order to cut off the limbs and balls of the Qing army, the body of the captive became better and better in the west with the war going on, and the barbaric image of Manchu became more and more deeply rooted in the psychology of westerners.
At this time, the Lushun Massacre broke out. Obviously, it was not planned by the Japanese government intentionally, and because there were a large number of reporters embedded in the army, it was impossible to hide it for the first time. The civilian government of the world day could guide it, but it cannot be denied that the last operation was to buy western newspapers to publish the Japanese massacre, all of which were disguised as ordinary people and Manchu soldiers, and finally covered up the past with the defeat of the Qing Dynasty.
But now their method has concealed that Daiwa has more influence in the world than most of Japan, and has more experience in declaring war. In Japan, there are definite doubts. The whole world knows about Japanese massacre. Not only the west knows about Daiwa, but also the people in some remote areas did not know the news of the outbreak of war through the commercial channels of Daiwa and Manchu Chambers of Commerce in China.
The news of the Japanese massacre left a deep panic in the psychology of literati in the whole China area through newspapers and Shan Shao. If the Japanese occupied the Lushun massacre, what about the northern massacre and Nanjing?
Just as they were worried, Zhongda sent troops and captured the Japanese army after a week of fierce fighting. The Lushun army paid 10 thousand people and sacrificed 25 thousand, while the Japanese army died 20 thousand and was captured 5 thousand.
Before the capture of Lushun, ōyama Iwao and other senior Japanese generals cut their bellies. Most of the 5,000 prisoners were soldiers and a few junior officers.
At the same time, the officers and men of the Japanese captives were tried in public and convicted of murder. All officers were shot, ordinary soldiers were sentenced to ten years of hard labor and sent to the great colonies.
World public opinion is in uproar, and it is strange to judge the general as his savior, but governments all over the world are worried about taking this opportunity to join the fire of war and occupy the territory of Manchu Dynasty.
However, at this time, Da reached an agreement with Japan to continue to maintain a neutral attitude and withdraw troops from Dalian. This kind of trip did not alleviate the doubts of Westerners, but even made them confused and looked relaxed.
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Section seven hundred and eleven Refuse to make peace and move the capital to fight again
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At the beginning of the great involvement in Lushun, the broad masses of Manchu scholars rejoiced. For the first time, they felt that the big country was not so hateful, and even the most conservative scholars saw hope and played the banner of uniting against Japan.
However, the Japanese ruling and opposition parties were greatly frightened. They launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 as scheduled. One of the reasons was that they were involved in the war against the United States. They believed that Dafa interfered. According to Japan’s experience, they seemed keen to interfere in an East Asian war. Before that, whether Japan annexed Ryukyu or France occupied Vietnam, most of them intervened. They believed that if they had great spare capacity, they would definitely interfere in the war between Japan and Manchu, regardless of whether they should be neutral in international law.
I just couldn’t wait to launch a war while the East Learning Party uprising.
As a result, they ventured to win a military victory, but they quickly intervened in the war because they gave a big excuse to get out of the United States.
Although the Japanese court is arrogant, it is very clear that the challenge of France to the Manchu Dynasty is already betting on the national luck of the emperor. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a restless thinker, and others kept encouraging the Japanese to tell them that the war will win and tell everyone not to worry about the revenge of the Manchu Dynasty
As a result, Japan was completely at a disadvantage because of a massacre.
They even made preparations for ending the war and negotiating with Manchu as soon as possible.
However, at this time, after occupying Lushun, Da negotiated with Japan to express his willingness to make compensation to Lushun civilians and apologize to the China people who suffered emotional injuries. If Lushun civilians set up a memorial day to exclude the prince from making amends, they could continue to remain neutral. Of course, they would have to be reimbursed if they went to fight the Japanese army.
There is such a good thing as I hear it every day. In the war, the navy expanded to the second place in the world, second only to Britain. Third, the US Army has set up more than 5 million troops, and it has not yet come to demobilize. It is unthinkable to fight against such opponents. If we can keep the navy neutral, how much it costs is worth making amends and apologizing. That is even more problematic.
So the two sides signed an agreement and reached an understanding on Lushun, which was interpreted by the Japanese as being under great international pressure, and the international community also interpreted it as a great diplomatic compromise with Britain.
The big countries also think so. There is a wave of resistance to Britain in the media. They think that Britain is in a big shackle. The big government is too weak for Britain. These newspapers have just come out of the anti-war public opinion in the American war, but they are encouraging the government to challenge a stronger British empire.
Of course, the big foreign affairs departments also said the same thing to Britain, and the negotiations with Japan were conducted through British mediation. They demanded benefits from Britain, such as abolishing extraterritorial laws and the Hong Kong issue. The year before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Britain abolished the extraterritorial laws against Japan, which can be seen as a major policy for Britain to support Japan’s checks and balances, but more importantly, the Japanese themselves made efforts. The price for abolishing extraterritorial laws was a promise to hire western judges and consultants in Japanese legal institutions.
I don’t want foreigners to judge my own nationals. I reached an agreement with Britain on the extraterritorial law, and I have long been dissatisfied with the retention of this extraterritorial tail.
After careful consideration, Britain felt that it didn’t want to see any unreasonable actions during the Qing-Japanese War, and they agreed to negotiate with Daxie on this issue.
These are digressions. Return to the battlefield.
Because of the sudden intervention in Lushun, not only did the Manchu literati raise their hopes, but even the whole Qing Dynasty hall imagined to cooperate with the major leagues. It may be like former Li Hongzhang who hired British merchant ships to transport troops but refused to send the Beiyang Navy as the main escort. In fact, it was to fight for Japan, but it failed to let the British intervene. Now they see that the attitude of big intervention is very strong, and of course they are willing to pull an ally to help them.
Or weak Manchu civil servants have subconsciously raised the idea of great protection.
As a result, they waited until they reached an agreement with Japan and left the war instead of going to war.
This made the Manchu literati disappointed. They cursed and ignored the friendship of their compatriots. At this time, they admitted that they were compatriots with the people.
Li Hongzhang also believed that most of the promising battlefields failed, which has become a settlement. Due to the great intervention, Li Hongzhang once stopped military operations, which enabled him to reorganize the Huai army. But once the Japanese army launched another attack, he knew that his hands could not hold up to the veteran generals, and the new generals had not grown up. In addition, due to the long-term lack of military discipline over the years, he had lost his fighting capacity when he suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
So Li Hongzhang also hoped to take the opportunity to get involved. He did a good job of giving a lot of economic benefits in exchange for going to war. He had been granted this by the court, but he asked for a few official letters from the big minister, and he was turned away through his private hope to meet the big minister.
It was not until Da signed an agreement with Japan that Li Hongzhang suddenly asked for an audience with him.
Li Hongzhang, despite his dissatisfaction, did not dare to let go of this life-saving straw and warmly received the great minister. When he saw the bearer, he found that it was not the minister who wanted to meet him, but the provincial governor Zhong Lingshan around the higher-level emperor.